By Dr. Jumai Ahmadu
Women’s advocacy in Africa has reached a point where we must ask an important question: Are we building a movement that will outlive individual advocates, or are we creating platforms that rise and fall with personalities?
The distinction is important. When advocacy for women’s inclusion becomes too closely identified with an individual, political party, social class or personal ambition, it can easily be misunderstood as a struggle for positions. But when it is anchored in institutions, laws, national development and measurable benefits for society, it becomes much more difficult to dismiss.
The ultimate objective should not simply be to put more women in office. It should be to build societies in which competent women have a fair opportunity to contribute alongside men, and where their participation improves governance, families, communities and national development.
History shows that nigerian women have always organised beyond themselves.
Nigeria does not have to look outside its borders to understand the power of collective women’s action.
The Women’s War of 1929, also known as Ogu Umunwanyi, remains one of the most significant examples. Thousands of women across Eastern Nigeria mobilised against colonial policies, the warrant-chief system and threats to their economic and political position. The movement crossed communities and demonstrated that women could organise around a collective injustice rather than individual advancement. The uprising ultimately forced changes in the colonial system of administration.
Another powerful historical case is Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Abeokuta Women’s Union. What made her advocacy particularly instructive was her ability to move beyond an elite women’s organisation and build a movement incorporating ordinary market women.
The Abeokuta Women’s Union mobilised tens of thousands of women around taxation, economic justice, political representation and social welfare. The lesson for today’s advocates is clear: successful women’s movements are strongest when educated, professional, political, rural and grassroots women see themselves as partners in the same cause.
Women’s inclusion cannot therefore become an elite conversation about appointments in Abuja or state capitals. The market woman, farmer, widow, young graduate, entrepreneur, woman living with disability and rural girl must be able to recognise herself in the advocacy.
Rwanda: Move From Advocacy To Architecture
Rwanda provides perhaps Africa’s most frequently cited example of what happens when women’s inclusion moves beyond campaigns and becomes part of the architecture of the state.
Its constitutional framework requires women to occupy at least 30 per cent of positions in decision-making organs. Women’s representation has consequently become embedded across important institutions of governance.
The significance of Rwanda is therefore not merely that many women occupy political positions. It is that women’s inclusion has been institutionalised.
If inclusion depends entirely upon the goodwill of a president, governor, minister or party leader, gains can disappear when leadership changes. Sustainable inclusion requires constitutional provisions, legislation, party rules, recruitment systems, leadership pipelines and accountability mechanisms.
Senegal: Put Inclusion Into The Electoral System
Senegal offers another useful lesson. Its 2010 gender parity law established male-female parity in fully or partially elective institutions. Candidate lists are structured to alternate between men and women, making inclusion part of the electoral system rather than an occasional concession.
This changes the conversation from “Please give women an opportunity” to “This is how our democratic institution is designed to function.”
Women should certainly continue to speak, mobilise and negotiate, but successful advocacy must eventually translate into rules and institutions. Otherwise, every generation of women will return to the starting line to negotiate rights that the previous generation already fought for.
South Africa: Build Coalitions, Not Personality Cults
South Africa offers an equally important historical lesson. Women played central roles in the anti-apartheid struggle, including the historic 1956 Women’s March. During the democratic transition, women organised across political and organisational boundaries through broad coalitions.
The Women’s National Coalition brought together numerous national organisations and regional coalitions. Political parties also adopted measures that significantly increased women’s representation.
There is a valuable lesson in this experience: women do not have to agree on everything before they can agree on the minimum conditions necessary for women’s participation and national development.
Political affiliation, ethnicity, religion, profession and geography should not prevent collaboration on issues such as education, maternal health, economic opportunity, protection from violence, political representation and access to finance.
Nigeria’s Numbers Should Concern Everyone
Nigeria’s challenge is particularly striking because women constitute roughly half of the population and electorate, yet remain severely underrepresented in political decision-making.
This should not be treated simply as a “women’s problem.” When a substantial part of a country’s human capital is inadequately represented where budgets, laws and development priorities are determined, the country potentially loses knowledge, experience and perspectives that could improve decision-making.
The argument for women’s inclusion must therefore be reframed: it is not women versus men. It is development versus exclusion.
Men Must Be Partners, Not Targets
One mistake that can weaken women’s advocacy is presenting every discussion as a confrontation between women and men.
Men remain critical stakeholders in political parties, traditional institutions, religious organisations, businesses, families and government. Sustainable change therefore requires strategic male allies.
This does not mean weakening the demand for equality. It means recognising that social transformation becomes stronger when those who currently occupy positions of influence understand that women’s progress does not require men’s failure.
A woman entering Parliament does not diminish democracy; she broadens it. A woman becoming economically productive strengthens household income. A girl receiving quality education expands the future productive capacity of her community. Women’s empowerment should therefore be communicated as a shared national dividend.
Advocacy Must Also Go Beyond Political Appointments
Another danger is measuring women’s progress primarily by the number of ministers, commissioners, legislators or board members.
Political representation matters greatly, but inclusion must extend to economic empowerment, education, agriculture, technology, entrepreneurship, access to credit, healthcare, property ownership, peacebuilding and community leadership.
The rural woman who gains access to agricultural inputs and markets has been empowered. The widow who receives skills, financing and market access rather than perpetual handouts has been empowered. The young woman trained in technology who secures employment has been empowered. The market woman whose business is formalised and connected to affordable finance has been empowered.
When these women become employers, taxpayers, community leaders and educators of another generation, society receives the multiplier effect.
From “My Advocacy” To “Our Institution”
- From personalities to institutions: organisations must have governance structures and succession plans that survive their founders.
- From elite representation to grassroots inclusion: rural and economically disadvantaged women must help define the agenda.
- From confrontation to partnership: men who genuinely support inclusion should be deliberately engaged as allies.
- From appointments to empowerment: representation must be accompanied by education, skills, financing and economic opportunities.
- From rhetoric to legislation: advocacy should produce enforceable policies, party rules and legal frameworks.
- From individual visibility to collective impact: success should be measured by how many women advance, not by how prominent an advocate becomes.
- From women-only benefits to national outcomes: every intervention should ultimately demonstrate how women’s inclusion strengthens families, communities and the economy.
The Historical Lesson
From the women of Eastern Nigeria in 1929 to Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti’s mobilisation of Abeokuta’s market women; from South Africa’s cross-organisational mobilisation to Senegal’s parity legislation and Rwanda’s institutionalisation of women’s participation, history teaches essentially the same lesson: movements become transformational when the cause becomes bigger than the personalities leading it.
The women who came before us were not merely asking to be celebrated as powerful women. They challenged systems that affected thousands of other women. That should remain the spirit of modern advocacy.
Nigeria does not need women’s inclusion simply so that we can count more female faces around conference tables. We need women included because no nation can sustainably develop while limiting the contribution of half of its human resources.
Women’s advocacy must therefore cease to be perceived as a personal pursuit, an elite project or a competition with men. It must become a broad national movement involving government, political parties, traditional and religious institutions, civil society, the private sector, men, women and young people.
The real victory will not come when one woman gets an appointment or another receives an award. Victory will come when inclusion no longer depends on who is advocating, who is in power or who knows whom, because fairness, opportunity and representation have become part of the institutions of the nation.
At that point, women’s inclusion will no longer be merely a women’s agenda. It will be a Nigerian development agenda.
Dr. Jumai is Director, Reform Coordination and Service Improvement Department, FCTA and can be reached at
